how many years of labour government since 1945

.manual-search ul.usa-list li {max-width:100%;} There was another colonial retreat, in a way just as disgraceful, on the extreme west of Asia. . 1943 to 1945. [170] He appointed his Shadow Cabinet the following day, which included former leader Ed Miliband, as well as both of the candidates he defeated in the leadership contest. Pit owners still employed a million men, many of them in dire and dangerous conditions. Reviews Canada's post-war history and recounts how Canadians strove for prosperity, international respectability, and a more vigorous national culture Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Blair argued that the rapidly growing middle class was largely ignored, as well as more ambitious working-class families. Tony Blair continued to move the party further to the centre, abandoning the largely symbolic Clause Four at the 1995 mini-conference in a strategy to increase the party's appeal to "middle England". [citation needed], The Labour Party was defeated heavily in the 1983 general election, winning only 27.6% of the vote, its lowest share since 1918, and receiving only half a million votes more than the SDP-Liberal Alliance, which leader Michael Foot condemned for "siphoning" Labour support and enabling the Conservatives to greatly increase their majority of parliamentary seats. [157] His comments were supported by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Justin Welby. The party was founded in 1900, having grown out of the trade union movement and socialist parties of the 19th century. Working with Ramsay MacDonald and Sidney Webb, Henderson in 1918 established a national network of constituency organisations. The Labour Party returned to government with a 4-seat majority under Wilson in the 1964 general election but increased its majority to 96 in the 1966 general election. Between 1945 and 1951, the Labour Government passed a series of measures which became known as the 'Welfare State'. [225], As it was founded by the unions to represent the interests of working-class people, Labour's link with the unions has always been a defining characteristic of the party. At times, food restrictions were even tighter than during the war - bread was rationed for the first time. Meanwhile, the Liberal Party declined rapidly, and the party also suffered a catastrophic split which allowed the Labour Party to gain much of the Liberals' support. This text summarizes the research on, and experiences of, democratic legislatures around the world. It focuses on what legislatures are and what they do - as both consequence of and contributor to democratic self-government. Government figures show that women's employment increased during the Second World War from about 5.1 million in 1939 (26%) to just over 7.25 million in 1943 (36% of all women of working age). [210] Labour Party conferences now include more "keynote" addresses, guest speakers and question-and-answer sessions, while specific discussion of policy now takes place in the National Policy Forum. Subsequent amendments extended overage to the remaining Federal, State and local government employees who were not protected in 1966, to certain workers in retail and service trades previously exempted, and to certain domestic workers in private household employment. It was the first general election since 1924 in which both main parties had received less than 40% of the popular vote and the first of six successive general elections in which Labour failed to reach 40% of the popular vote. [24][62] However it led to increasingly strained relations between the government and the trade unions. Australian politics has been characterised by relatively long periods in government. .manual-search-block #edit-actions--2 {order:2;} The first full historical account of welfare policy in postwar Britain, analysing first the so-called period of consensus between 1945 and 1975 and then the years between 1975 and 1990 when state welfare came under ideological attack. Every British citizen would be covered, regardless of income or lack of it. The party includes semi-autonomous Scottish and Welsh branches, and supports the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) in Northern Ireland, although it still organises there. During the 1980s radically socialist members of the party were often described as the "loony left", particularly in the print media. [57] Attlee's government also began the process of dismantling the British Empire when it granted independence to India and Pakistan in 1947, followed by Burma (Myanmar) and Ceylon (Sri Lanka) the following year. The governing Liberals were unwilling to repeal this judicial decision with primary legislation. [91] The posters were referring to the expression 'when pigs fly', to suggest that Tory election promises were unrealistic. [95][96], Finance proved a major problem for the Labour Party during this period; a "cash for peerages" scandal under Blair resulted in the drying up of many major sources of donations. The Parliamentary Labour Party voted to abolish Shadow Cabinet elections in 2011,[107] ratified by the National Executive Committee and Party Conference. As of 2021[update], he is the only Labour leader to stand down from the role without contesting a general election (excluding acting leaders). They wanted change. [2] It had no single leader, and in the absence of one, the Independent Labour Party nominee Ramsay MacDonald was elected as Secretary. Labour's promise to take over the commanding heights of the economy via nationalisation were anathema to committed Tories, but after nearly six years of wartime state direction of the economy it did not seem nearly so radical as it had before the war - or indeed as it seems now. The country will never stand for it!"). 1945 General Election. [233] Since 1951, the party has been a member of the Socialist International, which was founded thanks to the efforts of the Clement Attlee leadership. The present government's struggle to get Britain back to work amid the pandemic looks a little less daunting when compared to the challenge that faced its predecessor in 1945. The x (horizontal) axis shows the election year, and the y (vertical) axis the number of women who won seats. However, the UK Independence Party won 24 seats. Following his election with an absolute majority over three other candidates as Labor leader by the ALP Caucus, Joseph (Ben) Chifley was sworn in as Prime Minister on 13 July 1945, leading the nation for the final weeks of World War Two. [nb 2]. . The highest share of the vote received by Labour in a general election was 48.8% in 1951, when the Conservatives won the most seats despite polling fewer votes. It was a continuation of the trend that had begun under the leadership of Neil Kinnock. Arthur Henderson, elected in 1931 to succeed MacDonald, lost his seat in the 1931 general election. .manual-search ul.usa-list li {max-width:100%;} [145][138] The party conference decided to support a Brexit deal either negotiated by the Conservatives and meeting certain conditions or negotiated by Labour in government. For six years, though, his was the voice of radical Labour. [180], After the Equalities and Human Rights Commission found the Labour Party guilty of three breaches of the Equality Act,[160] Corbyn condemned antisemitism but claimed the problem had been 'dramatically overstated for political reasons by our opponents ... [and] much of the media'. The change of leader in the Tory government saw a turnaround in support for the Tories, who regularly topped the opinion polls throughout 1991 although Labour regained the lead more than once. This volume surveys the state of British politics over the last fifty years and charts the changes in the central features of the British system of government and the types of individuals who become politicians. One was Attlee's appointment of Lord Mountbatten as the last Viceroy. However by using the figures to attack Labour's record it could be argued that he is glossing over the legacy of the previous Conservative government and a much longer trend of decline in social housing. Labour. House of Representatives primary, two-party and seat results. [33] The Communist Party of Great Britain was refused affiliation to the Labour Party between 1921 and 1923.[34]. There have been six Labour prime ministers and thirteen Labour ministries. Still, average unemployment fell, from 9% . Under Harold Wilson and James Callaghan, Labour again governed from 1964 to 1970 and 1974 to 1979. A number of other senior Labour figures also took up senior positions: the trade union leader Ernest Bevin, as Minister of Labour, directed Britain's wartime economy and allocation of manpower, the veteran Labour statesman Herbert Morrison became Home Secretary, Hugh Dalton was Minister of Economic Warfare and later President of the Board of Trade, while A. V. Alexander resumed the role he had held in the previous Labour Government as First Lord of the Admiralty. [48], In 1931, Labour campaigned on opposition to public spending cuts, but found it difficult to defend the record of the party's former government and the fact that most of the cuts had been agreed before it fell. [134] Unusually, the rebel frontbenchers did not face immediate dismissal. By R.J. Rummel . [38][39], In opposition, MacDonald continued his policy of presenting the Labour Party as a moderate force. It is a pleasant irony that the impetus for the more durable reforms came from outside the party. (2006) MacDonald (20 British Prime Ministers of the 20th Century), Haus Publishing. [43] MacDonald's second government was in a stronger parliamentary position than his first, and in 1930 Labour was able to pass legislation to raise unemployment pay, improve wages and conditions in the coal industry (i.e. Untitled Document. The 1948-1998 average had been 2.2%. But stand for it they did, over the next six momentous years. The new prime minister was not obviously cut out for the job. It was a disaster for Labour, which was reduced to a small minority of 52 seats. A perceived turning point was when Blair controversially allied himself with US President George W. Bush in supporting the Iraq War, which caused him to lose much of his political support. .usa-footer .grid-container {padding-left: 30px!important;} Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site. [85] The UN Secretary-General, among many, considered the war illegal and a violation of the UN Charter. Under his replacement, Hugh Gaitskell, Labour appeared more united than before and had been widely expected to win the 1959 general election, but did not. This refers to the fact that the Government took responsibility for looking . In the subsequent election, in May 1979, the Conservatives under the leadership of Margaret Thatcher were swept into power with the largest electoral swing since 1945, securing a 43-seat majority. [51], As the threat from Nazi Germany increased, in the late 1930s the Labour Party gradually abandoned its pacifist stance and came to support re-armament, largely due to the efforts of Ernest Bevin and Hugh Dalton, who by 1937 had also persuaded the party to oppose Neville Chamberlain's policy of appeasement.[45]. Both Australia and Canada have inherited the term and continue to use it. Most of the changes introduced by the 1945–51 Labour government were accepted by the Conservatives and became part of the "post-war consensus" that lasted until the late 1970s. T he number of U.S. workers involved in work stoppages, which includes strikes and lockouts, was the highest of any year since 1986, according to Bureau of Labor . Tony Blair (the Shadow Home Secretary) had a different vision to traditional Labour politics. The PLP defused the crisis by allowing Hardie to vote as he wished on the subject. The chart below shows the number of female Members of Parliament from each party elected in UK general elections from 1945—2015. Tabloid vilification of the so-called loony left continued to taint the parliamentary party by association from the activities of "extra-parliamentary" militants in local government. The Chancellor of the Exchequer, Hugh Gaitskell, introduced charges for NHS dentures and spectacles, causing Bevan, along with Harold Wilson (then President of the Board of Trade), to resign over the dilution of the principle of free treatment on which the NHS had been established. Washington, DC 20210 Looking at their overall performance, Conservatives are ahead with an average growth rate of 2.77% compared to Labour's 2.44% a small but noticeable difference. After the election Ramsay MacDonald was voted the first official leader of the Labour Party. The key turned out to be the Liberal vote, which suddenly evaporated, leaving the party with just 2.5% support and six MPs. [109], At a special conference held on 1 March 2014, the party reformed internal Labour election procedures, including replacing the electoral college system for selecting new leaders with a "one member, one vote" system following the recommendation of a review by former general-secretary Ray Collins. Last week it got 32.2% - mediocre, but more than at the 2010 general election, when Alan Johnson was home secretary, or in . In addition, several small socialist groups had formed around this time, with the intention of linking the movement to political policies. [116] In September 2014, Shadow Chancellor Ed Balls outlined his plans to cut the government's current account deficit, and the party carried these plans into the 2015 general election. Historian Andrew Thorpe argues that Labour lost credibility by 1931 as unemployment soared, especially in coal, textiles, shipbuilding, and steel. This book offers a comprehensive overview of Britain's development since the end of the Second World War. It comprises 23 contributions from leading authorities and newer scholars, set in context with a foreword by Raymond Seitz. And after all the fervent promises of a new dawn, British life remained to a large extent grey and grim. In the 1951 general election, Labour narrowly lost to Churchill's Conservatives, despite receiving the larger share of the popular vote – its highest ever vote numerically. On the first day of the new parliament, the massed ranks of Labour members bawled out the socialist anthem, the Red Flag. Soon afterwards, defence became a divisive issue within the party, especially defence spending (which reached a peak of 14% of GDP in 1951 during the Korean War),[58] straining public finances and forcing savings elsewhere. Britain had millions of men and women in uniform in 1945, scattered over Europe, the far east, and elsewhere. Its leaders believed that peace was impossible because of capitalism, secret diplomacy, and the trade in armaments. The 1900 general election, also referred to as the "Khaki election", came too soon for the new party to campaign effectively and total expenses for the election only came to £33. For much of its time in office the Labour government struggled with serious economic problems and a precarious majority in the Commons, while the party's internal dissent over Britain's membership of the European Economic Community, which Britain had entered under Edward Heath in 1972, led in 1975 to a national referendum on the issue in which two thirds of the public supported continued membership. Labour unions were strongly opposed and the Labour Party officially repudiated the new National government. Less than 12 weeks earlier, Winston Churchill had announced the unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany. Yet this is the first book to consider the contemporary party, analysing it in the context of Scottish politics, Scotland, and the UK, as well as drawing on international comparisons.A range of areas are covered: *The chronology of events ... The judgement effectively made strikes illegal, since employers could recoup the cost of lost business from the unions. This new volume of documents provides a comprehensive account of the dramatic development of the British media from 1945-95. Negrine brings to life the story of the growth of television and newspapers in British society. [89] The decisions that led up to the Iraq war and its subsequent conduct were the subject of Sir John Chilcot's Iraq Inquiry (commonly referred to as the "Chilcot report"). [222] The 2003 Labour Party Conference accepted legal advice that the party could not continue to prohibit residents of the province joining,[223] and whilst the National Executive has established a regional constituency party it has not yet agreed to contest elections there. Blair said that they aspired to become middle-class and accepted the Conservative argument that traditional Labour was holding ambitious people back to some extent with higher tax policies. ", "Labour Party manifesto 2019: 12 key policies explained", "The parallels between Jeremy Corbyn and Michael Foot are almost all false", "General election: Jeremy Corbyn to quit as Labour leader after disastrous night", "Labour leadership race threatens party civil war as MPs fear 'continuity Corbyn' figure", "General election 2019: Blair attacks Corbyn's 'comic indecision' on Brexit", "Blair: 2019 general election result 'brought shame on us, "Keir Starmer enters Labour leadership contest", "Keir Starmer Elected as new Labour leader", "Sir Keir Starmer statement in full: New Labour leader vows to 'engage constructively' with government on coronavirus", "Keir Starmer to urge government to outline lockdown exit plan", "Coronavirus: Keir Starmer welcomes lockdown easing", "Long-Bailey sacked for sharing 'anti-Semitic article, "Labour leader Sir Keir Starmer sacks Rebecca Long-Bailey over 'antisemitic conspiracy theory' article", "Keir Starmer sacks Rebecca Long-Bailey from shadow cabinet", "Maxine Peake: 'People who couldn't vote Labour because of Corbyn? 2 the 1961 Amendments extended coverage primarily to employees in large retail and service enterprises as well as to local transit, construction, and gasoline service station employees. ", Howard, Christopher. After distinguished service in that war, Attlee entered parliament in 1922, and served in the first two Labour governments. 1-866-487-9243, Administrator Interpretations, Opinion and Ruling Letters, Resources for State and Local Governments, History of Federal Minimum Wage Rates Under the Fair Labor Standards Act, 1938 - 2009, The contents of this document do not have the force and effect of law and are not meant to bind the public in any way. [167] He went on to win the leadership contest on 4 April 2020, beating rivals Rebecca Long-Bailey and Lisa Nandy, with 56.2% of the vote in the first round,[168] and therefore also became Leader of the Opposition. [224], The Trade Union and Labour Party Liaison Organisation is the co-ordinating structure that supports the policy and campaign activities of affiliated union members within the Labour Party at the national, regional and local level. Main changes introduced by the Labour Government, 1945-50. . In 1924 a brand conscious Labour leadership had devised a competition, inviting supporters to design a logo to replace the 'polo mint' like motif that had previously appeared on party literature. The outcome of the 1945 election was more than a sensation. The cabinet deadlocked over its response, with several influential members unwilling to support the budget cuts (in particular a cut in the rate of unemployment benefit) which were pressed by the civil service and opposition parties. In the 50 years since that time, U.S. taxpayers have spent over $22 trillion on anti-poverty programs. [86][87] The Iraq War was deeply unpopular in most western countries, with Western governments divided in their support[88] and under pressure from worldwide popular protests. [77] As of 2021[update], he is the last Labour leader not to have contested a general election (excluding acting leaders and the incumbent, whose tenure is ongoing). Declining party membership, partially due to the reduction of activists' influence upon policy-making under the reforms of Neil Kinnock and Blair, also contributed to financial problems. Election campaigns are now heavily centralised, and focus obsessively on a handful of target seats. This book reviews the history of British general elections since 1964, charting the changes in voters and parties at every step. Starmer announced his candidacy in the ensuing leadership election on 4 January 2020, winning multiple endorsements from MPs as well as from the trade union Unison. Between 1945 and 1951, the Labour Government passed a series of . Attlee was so far from being a passionate ideologue that his wife Violet once casually observed: "Clem was never really a socialist, were you, darling? But there were other obstacles in the path of Labour's would-be revolutionaries. This doesn't just put the Conservatives below Labour's . In recent years, the lowest turnout was in 2001 (59%). Providing a comprehensive account of British politics since the end of the Second World War, this work is a useful reference book covering 60 key years of British politics. It is useful for academics, students and the general public alike. Following the defeat of 1951, the party spent 13 years in opposition. [196] Within the party, differentiation was made between the social democratic and the socialist wings of the party, the latter often subscribed to a radical socialist, even Marxist, ideology. First published in 1997, this volume investigates the important economic issue of small business finance. It showed a battered, bandaged Allied soldier holding out to the reader a slip of paper marked Victory and Peace in Europe. 3 the 1966 Amendments extended coverage to State and local government . [117] The 2015 general election unexpectedly resulted in a net loss of seats, with Labour representation falling to 232 seats in the House of Commons. In 1907 the new party held its first annual conference in Belfast, a city in which Hardie in 1905 had served as an LRC election agent for William Walker. One of the first acts of the new Liberal Government was to reverse the Taff Vale judgement. One of the few truly cheering aspects of life was the imminent arrival of the Beveridge reforms. This timely new edition of the Longman Companion to Britain since 1945 (compiled by the series editors themselves) provides a wide-ranging compendium of key facts and figures on British history from the start of the landmark Attlee ... The introduction of the welfare state rested very largely on the work of two Liberal economists: John Maynard Keynes, who argued the virtues of full employment and state stimulation of the economy, and William Beveridge. The military vote was overwhelmingly pro-Labour. Australian Labor Party Government 13 July 1945 to 19 December 1949 . One by one the key industries of the postwar economy tumbled into the public sector, where they were subject to elaborate planning controls. The first three years of the government were spent in an ultimately doomed attempt to stave off devaluation of the pound. [122], After the 2015 general election, Miliband resigned as party leader and Harriet Harman again became acting leader. King George VI would be the last British monarch to style himself emperor of India. Matthew, H. C. G., R. I. McKibbin, J. The party made a net gain of 30 seats to reach 262 total MPs and with a swing of 9.6%[139] achieved the biggest percentage-point increase in vote share in a single general election since 1945. [126], Tensions soon developed in the parliamentary party over Corbyn's leadership. Taxation was seen as a means to achieve a "major redistribution of wealth and income" in the October 1974 election manifesto. By 1978, the economy had started to show signs of recovery, with inflation falling to single digits, unemployment falling, and living standards starting to rise during the year. 1 the 1938 Act was applicable generally to employees engaged in interstate commerce or in the production of goods for interstate commerce. A downturn in the economy and a series of scandals in the early 1960s (the most notorious being the Profumo affair) had engulfed the Conservative government by 1963. But there was another much greater reality: British adherence to, and even dependence on, the patronage of the United States. "The Labour Party is a Socialist Party, and proud of it." Wartime necessity had shown that a large and active state could achieve great things . Blair, the leader of the "modernising" faction, argued that the long-term trends had to be reversed, arguing that the party was too locked into a base that was shrinking, since it was based on the working-class, on trade unions, and on residents of subsidised council housing. The Co-operative Party later reached an electoral agreement with the Labour Party. [109] In Wales the party enjoyed good successes, regaining control of most Welsh councils lost in 2008, including Cardiff. They voted Tory as far as I'm concerned, "Kate Green appointed as shadow education secretary", "Why was Jeremy Corbyn suspended from the Labour Party? The Labour Party is an unincorporated association without a separate legal personality, and the Labour Party Rule Book legally regulates the organisation and the relationship with members. This book examines Britain and Norway in Europe from 1945 through to the former's departure from the European Union in 2020. [81][82][83], Among the early acts of Blair's government were the establishment of the national minimum wage, the devolution of power to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, major changes to the regulation of the banking system, and the re-creation of a citywide government body for London, the Greater London Authority, with its own elected-Mayor. [citation needed] While affirming a commitment to democratic socialism,[199][200] the new version of Clause IV no longer definitely commits the party to public ownership of industry and in its place advocates "the enterprise of the market and the rigour of competition" along with "high quality public services [...] either owned by the public or accountable to them". The motion was passed at all stages by the TUC, and the proposed conference was held at the Congregational Memorial Hall on Farringdon Street, London on 26 and 27 February 1900. [23] Only 15 candidatures were sponsored, but two were successful: Keir Hardie in Merthyr Tydfil and Richard Bell in Derby. John Shepherd, The Second Labour Government: A reappraisal (2012). An MP since 1922, and Labour leader since 1935, Attlee was deputy prime minister in Churchill's coalition government during the World War Two. Alas, those warnings proved to have more than a grain of truth, and the government was forced to retreat from its first grand vision of free, comprehensive health care for all. At this moment of dramatic change, this book combines an incisive thematic discussion of all the key policy areas with succinct overviews of British governments since 1945, the rise and fall of consensus politics and ideological ... Many students of the 1945 election believe that a key role was played by the Daily Mirror, then the biggest selling paper in Britain, and easily the most popular among the armed forces. Based on the percentages, 183 members of parliament supported Kinnock, while Benn was backed by 37. [118] The party lost 40 of its 41 seats in Scotland in the face of record swings to the Scottish National Party. [231], The Labour Party was a founder member of the Party of European Socialists (PES). At home it created a new social-economic consensus that lasted until Margaret Thatcher's victory in 1979. It proclaimed a socialist party whose principles included a guaranteed minimum standard of living for everyone, nationalisation of industry, and heavy taxation of large incomes and of wealth. However if you look at each year since 1948, one year stands out - 2009. With 47.7% of the vote, Labour secured a staggering 393 seats in the House of Commons. 1924; 1929-35: James Ramsay MacDonald. It overtook the Liberal Party to become the main opposition to the Conservative Party in the early 1920s, forming two minority governments under Ramsay MacDonald in the 1920s and early 1930s. He became Labour leader in 1935. The Labour Party originated in the late 19th century, meeting the demand for a new political party to represent the interests and needs of the urban working class, a demographic which had increased in number, and many of whom only gained suffrage with the passage of the Representation of the People Act 1884. [162] The 2019 general election saw Labour win its lowest number of seats in a UK general election since 1935. #views-exposed-form-manual-cloud-search-manual-cloud-search-results .form-actions{display:block;flex:1;} #tfa-entry-form .form-actions {justify-content:flex-start;} #node-agency-pages-layout-builder-form .form-actions {display:block;} #tfa-entry-form input {height:55px;} Forty six percent of all women aged between 14 and 59, and 90% of all able-bodied single women between the ages of 18 and 40 were engaged in some form . Party Constitution, Labour Party Rule Book[199]. Although about a third of British industry was taken into public ownership after the Second World War and remained so until the 1980s, the right of the party were questioning the validity of expanding on this objective by the late 1950s. 1 Unemployment remained above 14% from 1931 to 1940. And in that, we will support them. After its defeat in the 1979 general election the Labour Party underwent a period of internal rivalry between the left represented by Tony Benn, and the right represented by Denis Healey. ol{list-style-type: decimal;} Make sure you ’ re on a federal government ran over 80 means-tested welfare programs one which ultimately.... Cabinet minister ; Margaret Bondfield, who would lead the party 's policies. `` that... Remained palpable the breakaway SDP merged with the rump opposition who was assassinated months after independence candidates but only... Are on track 1945 manifestos, there was not obviously cut out for the trade union to... Manifestos, there are seven living former Labour cabinet member who had retained his seat the! Those that did erupt Islands war, Attlee entered Parliament in 1922, and were finally repaid. Of more than a cradle-to-grave welfare state leaders believed that peace was disaster... And Liberals formed the Liberal Democrats seemed to glow from the unions VI... Book, he took to the expression 'when pigs fly ', put. 1931 to 1940 recoup the cost of war, Attlee entered Parliament in 1922 and! [ 182 ] Starmer said that `` restoring trust with the rump opposition valuable assets, including cabinet and... Colleagues who gathered for the most pressing problem entryist Militant tendency group were in contravention of the acts. Election saw Labour lose ground, and denied that it represented true socialism not outdated. Continue to divide the party enjoyed good successes, regaining control of most Welsh lost! 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Romance of Empire finally fully repaid in 2015 minister Theresa May called a snap for... Political studies and planning many changes in the chamber state industries were smothered by bureaucracy and the Labour activists! The leader of the trade union movement to political policies. `` massed... 50 ] serve in government and the National Executive Committee and were finally fully repaid 2015... Sharing sensitive information, make sure you ’ re on a federal government websites end! Vote held up in the parliamentary Labour party was founded in 1900, having grown out of,! On Liberal support to form a minority government apocryphal story of a government, 1945-50. unemployment... Trade unions welcomed by general readers and students of public administration, political studies and planning clothing., to put together a coherent plan for postwar social reconstruction the research,... Party ( PLP ) this document is intended only to provide support for the trade union movement to political.... 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